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first speaker this afternoon is Bernard

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hide from the Caliph Idzik sin stitute

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an astro physicist and author of over

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130 scientific publications former

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editor of the Astrophysical Journal and

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a former editor of the journal of

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scientific exploration so without

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further ado Bernie Nike York well this

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talk grew out of a book that I published

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a couple of years ago called the God

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theory and i'll be talking about

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consciousness having to do with this

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theory in the talk this afternoon but it

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stems from the discovery of the last 20

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years or so that our universe seems to

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be a very finely tuned place I'm not

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going to go through these in any detail

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but these are nine properties of the

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universe that pretty much today

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astrophysicists agree our rather

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remarkably finely tuned to make it

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possible for life to evolve in the

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universe they are the ratio of the

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gravitation with the Coulomb force

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strength of the nuclear force if that

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one were ten or twenty percent higher or

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lower than it is we wouldn't have stars

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a certain carbon resonance that allows

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carbon to form in the interiors of stars

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which of course is necessary for life

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the expansion property of water upon

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freezing the fact of neutron is slightly

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heavier than the proton and not the

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other way around the average density of

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matter in the universe the strength of

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the dark energy quantum clumping and the

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slight prevalence of matter over

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antimatter in the universe formed now

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all of these taken together could have

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been rather different than what they are

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and if they were we wouldn't be here no

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were another life be here but the arbor

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rather finely tuned and there are two

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explanations for this which I'll talk

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about next but first to mention that in

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current astrophysical theory we think

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that the universe went through a

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tremendous period of inflation before it

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settled down into the rather slow

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expansion that we now call the Hubble

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expansion that is characterizing the

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universe in the first 10 to the minus 34

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seconds or thereabouts and that's sort

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of a billionth of a billionth of a

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billionth of a millionth of a second the

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universe expanded tremendously into a

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region of well it became a region of

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space that led to the formation of our

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universe and perhaps even other

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universes so the idea that there could

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be other universes forming out of this

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inflation function leads to the

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explanation that maybe our universes

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not really special it's only that there

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are lots and lots of other universes

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that came out of this inflationary

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period in fact there may be literally an

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infinite number of other universes that

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came out of this inflationary period and

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therefore there must be a whole

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distribution whole ensemble of different

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laws and constants of nature that

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characterizes in different universes and

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ours is the one we happen to be able to

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live in we wouldn't be in any of the

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others because we couldn't have arisen

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in them and so this multiverse

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explanation for why our universe is

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finely tuned is the one that you'll find

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in mainstream astrophysics and there are

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books out on this by by people such as

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Sir Martin Rees the astronomer royal

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Leonard Susskind the Stanford physicist

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and one of the fathers of string theory

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and it's a perfectly plausible

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explanation that we are not special it's

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just that we are part of an ensemble of

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a huge vast number of other universes

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that unfortunately we can never see we

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can never directly detect we can never

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measure the other alternative of course

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the alternative is that there is an

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intelligence with a purpose behind the

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laws of nature not at all something

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having to do with intelligent design by

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the way but having to do with dreaming

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into existence the laws of nature and

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constants that would lead to a life

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friendly universe not just life on Earth

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I'm assuming but presumably life on many

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other planets around lots of other stars

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and lots of other galaxies in fact even

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sir Fred Hoyle for the end of his life

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called universe and obvious fix when we

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looked at the the properties of the

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universe so I began to think about the

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notion that maybe the universe is the

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way it is because there is a conscious

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intelligence behind it behind the the

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origin of the universe this is Sir James

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jeans one of the the prominent

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astrophysicists of the first half of the

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last century and he wrote about this he

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says the universe begins to look more

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like a great thought than like a great

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machine mine no longer appears as an

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accidental intruder into the realm of

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matter we are beginning to think that we

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ought rather to hail it that is mind as

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the creator and governor of the realm of

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matter and so he was proposing that

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there is an intelligence behind the

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universe to make it be the sort of

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special place that we're now we really

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determined with the great precision that

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it appears to be another brilliant

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astrophysicist from that same error sir

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arthur eddington and here he is with

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Einstein Eddington was the one who made

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Einstein famous and you can see on the

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left side the headlines

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I seem to have lost the other point are

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there it is the headlines from the new

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york times when the discovery was made

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that the the Sun causes the bending of

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starlight during the eclipse of 1919

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lights all askew in the heavens men of

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science more or less agog of results of

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eclipse observations einstein theory

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triumphs a book for 12 wise men so this

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is what made Einstein famous and it was

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Sir Arthur Eddington who led that

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Eclipse expedition to print repay in

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1919 that made the observation sir

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arthur eddington was a brilliant man

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probably the predominant the most

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prominent astrophysicist of the first

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half of the last century and he wrote as

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many books one of them the mathematical

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theory of relativity which was a the

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exposition of general relativity the

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first textbook on that which by the way

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I also used when I was a graduate

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student back in the 1970s and 1980s the

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original edition came out in 1923 he was

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also the one who proposed the

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thermonuclear reactions as the basis for

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the the energy of stars a brilliant man

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he also wrote however science and the

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unseen world because he was also a

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mystic it was a Quaker new mystic and he

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asked the question therein are we in

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pursuing the mystical outlook facing the

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hard facts of experience surely we are

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and so he was not on the shame to write

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about and talked about his view that in

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fact there's more to the reality more to

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reality than simply the physical

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universe now as it turns out there is

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more reason than ever today to take

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seriously the notion that the

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consciousness is not some epithet

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nominal byproduct of life arising

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through evolution but rather than

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consciousness as a primary primary

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formative element in the universe and in

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fact consciousness is the basis of the

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universe this is another book that just

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came out a couple of years ago by a

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couple of physicists at the University

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of California Santa Cruz in fact one of

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the bruce rosenblum was the chair of the

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department and what they've done is to

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write a book for undergraduates or

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anyone interested in the philosophy of

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quantum physics the idea being that

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there are the interpretation of quantum

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physics has now gotten us to the point

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where

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it's really necessary to invoke

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consciousness as the necessary

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ingredient to make reality happen to

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shape reality at the quantum level

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conscious is something you can't do

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without that's up going to be talking

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about doing the rest of the presentation

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let me give you a few quotes from the

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book quantum theory is the most

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stunningly successful theory in all of

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science not a single one of its

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predictions has ever been proven wrong

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so quantum mechanics quantum theory

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really is a a wonderfully valid one

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wonderfully robust theory however

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quantum experiments hint at a worldview

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that has not yet been grasped the

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existence of something beyond what we

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usually consider physics beyond what we

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usually consider the physical world and

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they wrote this sort of thing with you

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can read in the book their trepidation

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at putting ideas like this out because

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they're afraid of being criticized by

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their colleagues for putting a sort of

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new-age fuzzy-wuzzy kinds of notions out

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there that might confuse people into

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thinking that somehow physics proves

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that there's God it doesn't of course

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and I'm not about to say that it is

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lecture either but what physics does do

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today at the quantum level and therefore

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at all higher levels i think is to

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require that consciousness is necessary

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element in creating reality at that in

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the measurement of things at the quantum

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phase the other point they made which I

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had not really appreciated was that to

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really understand the philosophical

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implications of quantum physics you

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don't have to be a physicist you don't

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have to know the mathematics at all of

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quantum physics to appreciate the

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conundrum in quantum mechanics of

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requiring an observer with consciousness

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to actually make things happen you can

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perfectly well engage in philosophical

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discussions of quantum physics by

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understanding quantum physics at a

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qualitative level the operators the the

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Hilbert spaces all of that that's fine

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if you're going to manipulate equations

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and you know solve quantum problems but

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in terms of understanding what quantum

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physics really implies philosophically

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you don't need any of that you can be an

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undergraduate having taken this course

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with some deep thinking about what it

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means and discuss with other people and

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with physicists what it all means with

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some level of credibility and with you

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know

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no no less a deep understanding of what

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it means then if you could manipulate

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all the mathematics of quantum theory

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which is quite formidable which I've had

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some experience with both positively and

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negatively the quantum enigma quantum

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mechanics applies to everything we can

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now manipulate individual atoms and

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here's an example from 1989 already of a

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scanning tunneling microscope image of

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the IBM spelled out on individual atoms

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now what's not widely realized is that

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an atom and it's wavefunction are the

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same thing it you know when I first

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started studying quantum physics I

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thought that the wave function which is

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the thing that the fuzzy thing that

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describes sort of where you're going to

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find a party when we make a measurement

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that that wave function is something to

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sort of over and above the particle that

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it's there and the particle is sort of

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jostled around or somehow is spread out

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within this wave function but it's

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actually the case that the wave function

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is the object and when you collapse the

278
00:09:57,350 --> 00:09:55,410
wave function you're causing the object

279
00:09:59,600 --> 00:09:57,360
to appear in a certain place it's not a